In architechture, there are ten fundamental elements that need to be taken into account: structure (the way a piece of architechture is made); materials (what the piece of architechture is made of); line (the shape of the structure); scale and proportion (the size of the structure); context (what other buildings are around the subject); space (how open is the area around the structure); climate (the tempature, weather, &c).
One of the earliest examples of structure is Stonehenge in England. It's dated to as early as 3000 BC, and according to DNA analysis,it was constructed by early European farmers from the Mediterranean. It has a post and lintel structure, meaning that horizontal beams -- in this case of stone -- have been placed across vertical posts -- again, stone. The mystery of Stonehenge, however, comes from the fact that the stone would have been very heavy, and it's not like they had cranes in pre-history! And that's before you even ask how they cut the stone and moved it from a site 15 miles away. So one has to wonder: how did were they able to make this incredible structure? Its purpose remains a mystery as well: some have theorized that it was a burial ground, and there are plenty of folk histories of the historic site.
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Stonehenge image licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license